What is deep learning, nowadays many students want to know about it? Deep learning is another branch of the embedded system, in embedded system data collected by the sensor is in the core of the algorithm. Before starting deep learning is will be advantages to embedded system training in Bangalore, it will help you to get understanding and collecting sensor data.

Deep learning is part of a big family of machine learning, here we mainly focus on deep learning. With deep learning, the algorithm computer is capable of learning like a brain. In simple words, when we are child our brain learning by touching, smelling, tasting, and feeling. Similar ways computers also capable to learn slowly one by one, step by step using a deep algorithm like a neural network. Using a neural network computer is capable to extract complicate concepts and relationships of data.

In deep learning computer use data like picture, sound, video, text, and established complex the relationship among these data, this learning computer remember and uses in the next algorithm. In deep learning, we are having many more data sets, which is used for learning to teach computers. Using deep algorithm computers take the complex decision and use these decisions for the next algorithm. In deep learning, we need to focus on speed, scalability, and flexibility.

Speed:

We have to design a deep learning algorithm so that computers are capable of learning quickly. In order to learn faster computers need many more CPUs and GPUs to solve complex matrix. Using high-speed CPUs and GPUs user can speed up computer deep learning.

Scalability:

Consider the case when we have written the algorithm to lean COVID-19 spread in the world, soon after the deep learning algorithm computer can able to tell how COVID-19 going to spread in the future, we continuously need to feed new data so that we get correct prediction in advance.

Flexibility:

During algorithm many, we may need to use much software that required very high computation power. So we need to choose a deep learning algorithm that is best suited for our algorithm.

Now we will see what is the use of deep learning and where we are using deep learning. Nowadays across the world, many companies are working in deep learning.

Computer Vision:

In the application of computer vision, face recognition is most widely used. Although there are millions of applications of computer vision, like production control, quality inspection, autonomous driving cars, etc. In computer vision, We take input from a camera, sound, heat and proximity data, using all input computer vision is created which is capable to detect the face of human, or quality inspection at a faster rate, or drive a car automatically.

Speech Recognition:

Speech recognition is another important application of deep learning. On every smartphone. We are having voice command using google voice, Amazon Alexa, Microsoft Cortana, Apple Siri are the major name among many more which can recognize input voice, take action on them and analyze for future use.

Dealing With Malware:

Deep learning can help a lot in malware analysis and protect computer users. In new world malware attach are a very severe effect. Nowadays malware can theft user data and it use for many scams.

Network Traffic Analysis:

Deep learning is very useful for our country, much tarriest organization are using the internet for communication among their team, using deep learning communication can track and used for security purposes.

User Behavior Analysis:

When a customer is visiting the shopping mall, he is keep seeing many products and then chose few, while another customer is just directly going and buying a product. These varying behavior can we understand properly using IoT and embedded systems. With deep learning we will able to predict the product customer is going to buy, these deep learning can help to suggest the product user is interested in buying.

Here in Professional Training Institute, we are mainly focusing on embedded system training, Linux device driver, Embedded Linux, and IOT training. Our teaching method is completely practical and hands-on. We are a best-embedded system training institute in Bangalore.

PROCESS:

In Linux every thing we sees executing or taking some action will be by the process. Processes carry out tasks within the operating system. For definition ” Any program in execution is called process”.  A program is a set of machine code instructions and data stored in an executable area of memory.

Processes are separate tasks each with their own rights and responsibilities. Each individual process runs in its own address space and not interacting with another process except through secure, kernel managed mechanisms.

LINUX PROCESS:-

An instance of a program is called a Process. In simple terms, any command that you give to terminal on your Linux machine starts a new process. Having multiple processes for the same program is possible. A process itself not a process, until it comes info execution.

In a Linux system no process is independent of any other process. Every process in the system, except the initial process has a parent process. New processes are not created, they are copied, or cloned from previous processes.

Types of Process:-

• Foreground Process: A foreground process is any command or task you run directly and wait for it complete. They run on the screen and need input from the user.

A foreground Process begins by typing a command at prompt. For example, list of files in current directory

• Background Processes: In Linux, a background process is nothing but process running independently. They run in the background and usually do not need user input.

For example

• Antivirus in your computer, normally it is running in background.

Basic command for Linux process:-

ps:–

The ps command is used to provide information about the currently running process, including their process identification number(PID).

The basic syntax of ps is

When ps is used without any option, which display default  information of process currently running on the system .

The four items are labeled PID,TTY,TIME,CMD

PID-  Process identification number.

TTY- TTY is the name of console or terminal shows currently console.

TIME- Time is the amount of CPU, time in minutes and seconds that the process has been running.

CMD- Cmd is the name of the command that launched the process.

ps –e:-

ps –e command is used for list of all process running on the system in a single shot

• –e show all process not just those belonging to user.

pstree:-

pstree is a command that shows the running processes as a tree fromat. It  is  used as a alternative to the ps command.

The basic syntax of the pstree is

pstree command is similar to the ps command, but instead of listing the running processes ,it shows in a tree format.

bg:-

Linux treats everything as file, even the processes as files under /proc directories. The processes are basically program in execution, they also called jobs

The bg command is the processes that have been stopped by some interrupt signal can be continued background with bg command

Syntax for bg command

• ./output &

fg:-

The  fg command  is like bg command Except that instead of sending a command in the background it runs them in foreground and occupies the current terminal and wait for process to exit.

top:-

In Linux, top is a command used to display processor activity of your linux , this command shows the  information of the system and the list of processes  which are currently running in the Linux

• PID:Shows task’s unique process id.
• PR: Stands for priority of the task.
• SHR:Represents the amount of shared memory used by a task.
• VIRT:Total virtual memory used by the task.
• USER:User name of owner of task.
• %CPU: Represents the CPU usage.
• TIME+:CPU Time, the same as ‘TIME’, but reflecting more granularity through hundredths of a second.
• SHR:Represents the Shared Memory size (kb) used by a task.
• NI:Represents a Nice Value of task. A Negative nice value implies higher priority, and positive Nice value means lower priority.
• %MEM: Shows the Memory usage of task.

Kill

kill command in Linux (located in /bin/kill), is a built-in command which is used to terminate processes manually. kill command sends a signal to a process which terminates the process.

EXAMPLES

> kill -9 -1        Kill all processes you can kill.

> kill -l 11         Translate number 11 into a signal name.

> kill -L             List the available signal choices in a nice table.

> kill 3453         Send the default signal, SIGTERM, to all those processes.

Now we will learn the Process with the developer prospective, here user can write C program using any editor wish and compile code using GCC.

Process  Identification:-

In Linux, User can be running various programs in the system, each running program must be unique identified by the kernel and program id identified by its own process is called “PID”, therefore process can be further categorized into

• Parent process.
• Child process.

Parent process-Parent process is processes that create other processes during run-time.

In command prompt, Command to get the parent process identity.

Header file need to include for getpid():

• Sys/types.h
• unistd.h

Child process-Child process are created by the parent process by cone of it ,it will be behaves same as parent.

In command prompt, Command to get the child process identity.

Header file need to include for getppid():

• Sys/types.h
• unistd.h

Now our first steps is to create process, fork is the system call which is used to create process. read on and follow –

Frok():-

Fork is a way to create new processes, fork() operation create a separate processes as a copy of itself then, the copy called the “child process”.

The child process has an exact copy of  the parent process. After the fork, both processes not only run the same program

The child has its own unique process ID and this PID not match the ID of any existing process

The child parent process ID is the same as the parent’s process ID.

Return value:

On success, the PID of the child is returned in the parent, and “0” is returned in the child. On failure, “-1” is returned in the parent, no child process is created and errno is set appropriately.

Header file need to include for fork:

Sleep():-

In Linux, Sleep() I s causes the calling thread to sleep either until of real-time specified in seconds have to elapsed .

Steps for sleep():-

Step 1– write a source code for sleep(), as shown in below image.

Step 2– Search for PID in all current running processes, by giving command ps.

Step 3-Enter in /proc and search that Pid by using ls command.

Step 4– Enter the Pid proc type cat status for the process states. Now you should be in /proc/pidof_yourprocess. Steps shown below.

$cd /proc <┘

$ls <┘

$cd  /proc/pid <┘

$cat status <┘

Now see the status of process, it will show process is sleeping.

Now check the status of process, that is sleeping.

wait system call

wait()  blocks the calling process until one of its child processes exits or a signal is received. After child process terminates, parent continues its execution after wait system call instruction.

Header files for wait:

• sys/wait.h

Exec System calls family:-

• Exec family of function or system call replace current process with new process.
• There are various function used in the Exec  like
  • Execl
  • Exclp
  • Execle
  • Execve
  • Execvp
  • Execvpe

Header file need to include is

Example for execlp:-

Orphan process:-

Orphan processes are those processes that are still running even though their parent process has terminated or finished. A process can be orphaned intentionally or unintentionally.

An intentionally orphaned process runs in the background without any manual support. This is usually done to start an indefinitely running service or to complete a long-running job without user attention.

An unintentionally orphaned process is created when its parent process crashes or terminates. Unintentional orphan processes can be avoided using the process group mechanism.

Zombie process

Zombie processes usually occur for child processes, as the parent process still needs to read its child’s exit or crashes . Once this is done using the wait system call, the zombie process is eliminated from the process . This is known as the zombie process.

Professional Training Institute is the top embedded training institute in Bangalore, where student can learn the practical embedded system, we believe in hands on knowledge of subject such that student are not only getting the practical knowledge but also getting experience in embedded system development. All our students are able to get placed in top companies with the knowledge they gain in our institute. come and explore the possibilities, of amazing knowledge you can gain.

INTERFACING LCD 16*2 WITH 8051

SUMMERY:

Connecting LCD 16*2 display to the 8051 microcontroller in 8 bitration method and also passing two commands.

COMPONENTS RECQURIED:

o 8051 Microcontroller
o 16*2 LCD Display
o Switch
o Binary Wires
o Power Supply

PIN DIAGRAM:

SOURCE CODE:

#include 
# define lcd P0 
sbit rs=P1^0; 
sbit e=P1^1; 
sbit b=P1^2; 

void dealy50ms(int a); 
void intial(char b); 
void delay1s(unsigned char c); 
void write1(); 
void write2(); 
void write3(); 
void write4(); 
void button() 
{
	int k=1; 
	while(k==1)
	{ 
		if(b==0)
		{ 
			intial(0x01); 
			k=0; 
		}
	}
} 

void display(char *d); 

int main() 
{ 
	b=1; 
	while(1)
	{ 
		intial(0x38); 
		intial(0x0c); 
		intial(0x01); 
		intial(0x80); 
		write1(); 
		intial(0xc0); 
		write2(); 
		button(); 
		intial(0x80); 
		write3(); 
		intial(0xc0); 
		write4(); 
	} 
} 

void display(char *d)
{ 
	for(*d;d!=NULL;d++)
	{ 
		lcd=*d;
		rs=1; 
		e=1; 
		delay1s(1); 
		e=0;
	}
} 
void write1()
{ 
	display("Done LCD16*2 ");
}

void write2() 
{
	display(" SUCESS ");
}

void write3() 
{
	display("Thank");
}

void write4()
{
	display("YOU");
}

void intial(char b) 
{
	lcd=b;
	rs=0;
	e=1;
	dealy50ms(2);
	e=0; 
} 

void dealy50ms(int a) 
{
	inti=0; 
	for(i; i < a ; i++) 
	{
		TMOD=0x01;
		TH0=0xff; 
		TL0=0xfc;
		TR0=1; 
		while(!TF0);
		TF0=0;
		TR0=0; 
	}
}

void delay1s(unsigned char c)
{
	int i,j;
	for(i=0;i < c;i++)
	{
		for(j=0;j<20;j++) 
		{
			TMOD=0x01; 
			TH0=0xff; 
			TL0=0xfc; 
			TR0=1;
			while(!TF0);
			TF0=0;
			TR0=0;
		}
	}
}

EXPLIANATION:

Now we will go through code and understand how LCD is working. Any C programalways start with main function. In our code main function contains.

int main()
{ 
	b=1; 
	while(1)
	{ 
		intial(0x38); 
		intial(0x0c); 
		intial(0x01); 
		intial(0x80); 
		write1(); 
		intial(0xc0); 
		write2(); 
		button(); 
		intial(0x80); 
		write3(); 
		intial(0xc0); 
		write4(); 
		} 
	}
}

Next how to send the commands through intial function to LCD

void intial(char b) 
{ 
	lcd=b; 
	rs=0; 
	e=1; 
	dealy50ms(2); 
	e=0; 
}

Next is interfacing button to the LCD to send different string data

void button()
{ 
	int k=1; 
	while(k==1)
	{ 
		if(b==0)
		{
			intial(0x01); 
			k=0; 
		} 
	}
}

Next to pass the string value to the LCD through display function

void display(char *d)
{ 
	for(*d;*d!=NULL;d++) 
	{ 
		lcd=*d; 
		rs=1; 
		e=1; 
		delay1s(1); 
		e=0; 
	} 
}

Next delay function for 50ms

void dealy50ms(int a)
{
	inti=0; 
	for(i;i<a;i++)
		{
			TMOD=0x01;
			TH0=0xff; 
			TL0=0xfc; 
			TR0=1; 
			while(!TF0); 
			TF0=0; 
			TR0=0; 
			} 
		}
}

Next is the delay for 1s

void delay1s(unsigned char c)
{ 
	inti,j; 
	for(i=0;i<c;i++) 
	{ 
		for(j=0;j<20;j++) 
		{ 
			TMOD=0x01; 
			TH0=0xff; 
			TL0=0xfc; 
			TR0=1; 
			while(!TF0); 
			TF0=0; 
			TR0=0; 
		} 
	} 
}

From above the program it is written for 8 bitration of 16*2 LCD display for 2 commands. Here I used common initialisation command for all 16*2 LCD display which is in intial( ); and the strings are written in write1..4( ) functions and the display commands of working procedures also written in the display( ) function and also two different delays are represented as 50ms and 1s in delay50ms( ) and delay1s( ) function which is written in timer concept.
Professoinal Training Institute is focus in Practical embedded system training in Bangalore. This post is written by our student Joy and Prathavi, based on their executed experiments during training. we wish then for their bright career ahead.

Alternet Working Source Code:

#include 
#define Display_Port P0
// Selecting a display port P0 
sbit RS = P1^0; 
// Selecting Resistor Selection 
Port P1.0 
sbit EN = P1^1; 
// Port P1.1 for Enable Pin 
sbit button = P1^2; 
void delay_ms(int d);
// Function Prototype to generate mili second delay 
void lcd_data(char display_data); 
// Function Prototype to send information on LCD display 
void lcd_int(); 
// Function Prototype to initilization of Basics LCD Commands 
void lcd_command(char command); 
// Function Prototype to send commands on LCD Port 
/* .................Begining of Main Function .....................*/ 

void main() 
{ 
	inti=0; 
	int j=0; 
	int k=0; 
	int l=0; 
	int check = 1; 
	unsigned char a[9]="EMBEDDED"; 
	unsigned char b[8]="DESIGN"; 
	unsigned char c[6]="THANK"; 
	unsigned char d[4]="YOU"; 
	button =1; 
	lcd_int(); 

// LCD Initilization 
// button = 1; 

	while( a[i] != '\0' )
	{
		lcd_data(a[i]);
		i++;
		delay_ms(50);
	} 
	lcd_command(0xC0); // Command to Move Cursor to next line 
	while(b[j] != '\0') 
	{
	lcd_data(b[j]);
	j++; 
	delay_ms(50);
	}
	lcd_command(0x0C); // Command to set Display ON Curser OFF 
	//delay_ms(2000); // Delay for 2sec 
	while(check==1)
	{ 
		if(button == 0)
		{
			lcd_command(0x01); // Command To clear screen 
			check = 0; 
		} 
	} 
	while(c[k]!='\0') 
	{ 
		lcd_data(c[k]);
		k++;
		delay_ms(50); 
	}
	delay_ms(20); 
	lcd_command(0xC0); // Move cursor to nest line 
	while(d[l]!='\0') 
	{ 
		lcd_data(d[l]); 
		l++; 
		delay_ms(50); 
	} 
	while(1);
} 
/*................. END of Main Function .........................*/ 

/*................. Delay Sub Routile............................*/ 
void delay_ms(int d) 
{
	inti,j; 
	for(i=0; i<d; i++)
	for(j=0; j<1257; j++); 
}
/*.....Sub Routine to send information over LCD...............*/ 

void lcd_data(char display_data)
{
	Display_Port = display_data; 
	RS = 1; 
	EN = 1; 
	delay_ms(1); 
	EN = 0; 
} 

/*....... Sub Routine to send Commands over LCD Display.............*/ 


void lcd_command(char command) 
{ 
	Display_Port = command; 
	RS = 0; 
	EN = 1; 
	delay_ms(1); 
	EN = 0; 
} 
/*........... Sub Routine to initilize the Commands............*/ 
void lcd_int()
{
	lcd_command(0x38); 
	delay_ms(10); 
	lcd_command(0x0F); 
	delay_ms(10); 
	lcd_command(0x01); 
	delay_ms(10); 
	lcd_command(0x80);
	delay_ms(10); 
}

Interview Q and A 9

Ques 1. How to know the given controller is little endian or big endian ?

#include <stdio.h>
#include <stdlib.h>
int main()
{
    unsigned int x=0xaa55;
    unsigned char *p=&x;
if(*p == 0x55)
{
    printf("\n Little endian");
    printf("%x = %x\n",p, *p);
    printf("%x = %x\n",(p+1),*(p+1));
}
else
    printf("\n Big endian");
    return 0;
}

Ques 2. what is the output for the below code?
#include <stdio.h>
#include <stdlib.h>
int main()
{
    int a=5;
    {
      int a=9;
      printf("\n %d",a);
    }
    printf(" %d",a);
    return 0;
}

Ans. 9 5

Ques 3. what is the output for the below code?
#include <stdio.h>
#include <stdlib.h>
int main()
{
    int a=5;
    {
      a=9;
      printf("\n %d",a);
    }
    printf(" %d",a);
    return 0;
}

ans :  9 9

Ques 4. What is the difference between General purpose os and RTOS ?

RTOS :
  Rtos scheduling is based on priority
  Resopnse time is predictable
  kernel is preemptive or upto maximum degree
  priority inversion is a major issue
  it has less memory

Ex: Free RTOS, vxworks, RT linux, PSOS, VRTX, Lynx

General Purpose OS:
  GPOS scheduling  can be adjusted dynamically for optimized throuhput.
  Resopnse time is not predictable
  kernel is non preemptive or upto maximum degree
  priority inverson is unnoticed.
  it is having large memory.
 Ex: Microsoft windows, Redhat Linux, Apple MacOS

Ques 5. explain the meaning of below declaration?

const int PI, int const PI, const int *p,  int * const p, const int *const p;

const int PI : PI is a integer constant.
int const PI : PI is a integer constant.
const int *p:  p is a pointer to constant integer, data present in p is constant and ponter is not constant.
int * const p: pointer p is constant and data is not constant.
const int * const p: both pointer p and data are constant. 

Ques 6. what are the bitwise operators and its types?

bitwise operators are as mentioned below:

| bitwise or operator   
& bitwise and operator
~ bitwise 1's complement operator
^ bitwise xor operator
<< bitwise left shift operator
>> bitwise right shift operator.

Ques 7. which operator is suitable for checking perticular bit is set or not?
 >> and & operators.

Ques 8. what is the output for the below code?
int main()
{
    int a=3;
    int x=-15;

    a+x > 5? puts("a+x > 5 "): puts("a+x < 5");

    return 0;
}


ans: a+x < 5

Ques 9. write a program to swap two numbers without using third variable?

swap(int *p, int *q)
{
  *p=*p+*q;
  *q= *p-*q;
  *p=*p-*q;
}

Ques 10. write a program to pass array as argument to a function?

fun(int p[])
{
  int i=0;
  for(; i<3; i++)
  printf(" = %d \n", p[i]);

}

int main()
{
    int a[3] ={2,3,4};
    fun(a);
    return 0;
}

Ques 11. what is ohms law?
ohms law states that the current through the conductor is directly proportional to the voltage across
the two points of the conductor with resistance is constant.

Ques 12. what is the difference between call by value and call by reference ?
	call by value means we are passing copy of the original arguments to the formal arguments of the function.
             here the value changed in the formal arguments will not affect the original arguments 
	call by referece means we are passing the address of the arguments to the formal arguments of the function.
             here the value changed in the formal arguments will affect the original arguments.

Ques 13. what is the output for the below code if integer size is 4 bytes?

int main()
{
	int x=-1;
	printf("%x ", (x>>1));
	return 0;
}

ans : ffffffff

Ques 14. what is the equivalent pointer expression for the array element arr[i][j][k][m]?

ans:     *(*(*(*(arr+i)+j)+k)+m)

Ques 15. what is the output for the below code?

int main()
{
	int *p, **q, ***r;
	int x=9;
        p=&x;
	q=&p;
	r= &q;
	printf("%d %d %d", *p, **q, ***r);
	return 0;
}

ans: 9 9 9

Ques 16. what is the requirement of infinite loop in embedded system?

	Since embedded system has to continuously work and respond to the inputs, and some other jobs in loop. 
to make the system to run continuously for long time it has to be kept in infinite loop. 
Otherwise it will run only once and stops.

Ques 17: explain about ALU?
 ALU is present in the microprocessors  and microcontrollers. it will do the arithmetic and logic operations
 that is required to be done on instructions. The cpu is powerful if the design of the ALU good. It consumes
 more power and it releases more heat. This is why faster cpus consume more power releases more heat.

Interview Q & A 8 

1. write a code for removing repeated digits in a number?
ex : number = 45678678 here the digits 6,7,8 has to be removed.

2. write a code to search the largest element in the array of your choice?

3. write a program to convert the integer string to number using atoi function.?

4. write a source code to find the sum of 1/3+1/5+1/7+ ....+1/n using recursive function?

5. write a code for linked list print function in reverse order?

6. what is the difference between address of variable and address of ponter variable, 
   explain using an example?

7. write a source code for insert a char/word/substring into a string?

8. can we return multiple values from the function explain with an example?

9.  what is the output for the below code?
	static int k= 8;
	int main()
	{
		if(-k)
		printf("%d", k);
		printf("error");
	}

10. what are the errors in the below source code?

int add();
int main()
{
	printf("function ",add());
}

int add()
{
	int x=5,y=4,z;
	z=x+y;
	printf("%d",z);
}

11. explain for the below code, the memory allocated is safe or not?

struct person
{
char per_name[10];
int per_age;
};
int main()
{
struct person *per;
per=(struct per*)malloc(sizeof(struct person));
free(per);
return 0;
}

12. explain the memory is safe for the below mentioned code?

struct person *per;
per=(struct person*)malloc(sizeof(struct person)*100);
char pername[] = "ptinstitute.in" ;
per = *pername;
free(per);
return 0;

13 what is the output for the below code explain?

char *name="ptinstitute.in";
char  name1[]="ptinstitute.in";
printf("%d %d ",strlen(name),strlen(name[]));
printf(" %d %d",sizeof(name++),sizeof(name[0]));

14. what is the output for the below program explain?
int main()
{
	int x=4,y=2,p,q,r;
	p=x||y;
	q=p&&x;
	r=p^q;
printf("%c %x %d",p,q,r);
return 0;
}

15. what is the output for the below code explain?

int main()
{
int p=4;
for( ;p++;printf("%d",p))
{
printf("ptinstitute.in");
}
return 0;
}

16. what is the output for the below program?

int main()
{
static int m=3;
main();
printf("%d",m++);
return 0;
}

answers:

10.  no errors. 
     output: 9 function

11. safe, because memory is allocated to pointer per.

12. here memory allocated to per , 
    then per = *pername         //it stores the 'p' in the per variable.
    we copying the ascii value of p to pointer p which gives runtime error.
    the allocated memory is not freed, so memory leakage happened here.

13. the prototype of strlen is
       size_t strlen ( const char * str );
    we need to pass the address of the string to find the length.
    in the program we passing strlen with name[], we are passing without index.
    we suppose to pass the address of the string. that is why it gives compile time error.
14. ascii character for 1, 1 0

15. it gives an lengthy loop, in the for loop we incrementing p++ in condition checking position,
    p++ doing continuously and the loop stops after p=0.

16 It gives an runtime error like stack over flow issue.
   here we are not exiting the recursive function main, it is calling continuously main recusively.